People's Education Press High School Physics: Elective Compulsory Course III: Thermodynamic Temperature Scale – The Absolute Reference for Describing Gas States

Temperature is one of the most fascinating macroscopic parameters in thermodynamic systems. From a microscopic perspective, it directly measures the intensity of random thermal motion within matter. To accurately describe gas states, we must transcend our sensory perception of 'hot' and 'cold' and establish a rigorous logical framework—thermodynamic temperature scale.

1. Thermal Equilibrium: The Logical Foundation of Temperature Measurement

According tothe Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, if system A and system B are each in thermal equilibrium with system C, then A and B must also be in thermal equilibrium. This means they share a common property—temperature. This is the fundamental physical basis that allows all thermometers (such as pressure-based thermometers using gas pressure or resistance thermometers based on changes in resistivity) to function accurately.

2. Diversification and Unification of Temperature Measurement Media

Mechanical effects: Galileo's air thermometer utilizes gas expansion and contraction due to temperature changes; bimetallic thermometers rely on bending caused by differing thermal expansion coefficients between metals.
Electrical effects: Resistance thermometers depend on the increase in metal resistivity with rising temperature; thermocouples generate electromotive force through temperature differences at junctions of different metals.
Logical endpoint: Despite differing media, the thermodynamic temperature scale eliminates dependence on specific material properties, using 'absolute zero' as the theoretical limit where energy drops to zero, thus providing a single, absolute logical starting point for the ideal gas equation of state.

QUESTION 1

When measuring the specific heat capacity of a metal block, first heat a metal block of known mass in boiling water. After some time, quickly place it into water of known mass and known temperature, then use a thermometer to measure the water temperature. When the water temperature stops rising, this is the common temperature of the metal block and the water. In this description, which part involves the concept of 'thermal equilibrium'?

Heating the metal block in boiling water

The state when water temperature stops rising

Measuring the water's mass

The process of quickly placing the metal block into water

QUESTION 2

The highest temperature forecasted for a location on a given day is 27 °C. What is this in kelvins? When conducting research in low-temperature physics, the thermodynamic temperature is 2.5 K. What is this in degrees Celsius?

300.15 K; -275.65 °C

300.15 K; -270.65 °C

273.15 K; -270.65 °C

327 K; -270 °C

QUESTION 3

As shown in the figure, a resistance thermometer probe consists of a metal wire. If the battery's electromotive force and internal resistance remain constant, which current scale corresponds to a higher reading: t1 or t2? Given that metal resistance increases with temperature and t1 < t2.

The current scale corresponding to t1 is larger

The current scale corresponding to t2 is larger

Both current scales are the same

QUESTION 4

Common metals lack regular shapes but have definite melting points. Are they crystals or non-crystals?

Crystals

Non-crystals

Quasicrystals

QUESTION 5

An ideal gas of fixed mass undergoes an isobaric change from state A (300 K, 0.3 m³) to state B (400 K). Find the volume of the gas at state B.

0.2 m³

0.4 m³

0.5 m³

0.6 m³